PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYDROXYAPATITE (HAp) EXTRACTED FROM BLACK TILAPIA FISH (BONE AND SCALE) USING CALCINATION APPROACH

Abstract

Natural HAp was used from the bone and scales of Black Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) fish, because it is less expensive than HAp made synthetically and safer than the mammalians bone. In this research, the calcination method at 1000 ºC was used to prepare and examine the characteristics of natural HAp from the black tilapia fish's bones and scales. Prior to heat treatment, grinding process was done in order to produce the natural HAp fine powder. The sample was characterized using Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) for thermal stability, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) for morphological analysis, X- rays Diffraction (XRD) for phase identification, and Energy Dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDX) for chemical composition. From the result, TGA shows the extracted HAp had a relatively high thermal degradation temperature and the peaks of the HAp were visible on XRD. Additionally, the weight loss was tracked and used to validate that the sample’s organic components had been eliminated during the thermal calcination process. The morphological analysis from FESEM shows the particles have rod-like shape HAp crystals and EDX result showed a Ca/P molar ratio of both samples is close to stoichiometric HAp (1.67) which is 1.69 for fish bone and 1.73 for fish scale. Therefore, the calcination approach is an effective way to extract the natural HAp from fish waste.